“Last autumn, there was a sense of urgency. In November 2025, Chancellor Friedrich Merz—together with French President Emmanuel Macron—hosted the first summit on digital sovereignty in Berlin.
The goal: to break Europe’s dependence on Chinese and US digital products and services.
To make rapid progress, one had to ‘start with oneself,’ Merz said in a speech: ‘We are making the state an anchor customer for sovereign tools within public administration.’
About four months later, a survey by the search engine Ecosia reveals that the state is advancing this initiative at a rather leisurely pace. In December 2025, the company asked 147 federal and state ministries which browsers and search engines their employees use on their work devices. Ecosia cited freedom of information laws in making the request. Around two-thirds of those contacted provided substantive answers; the rest cited security concerns or did not respond at all. The results are clear: employees in German ministries rely almost exclusively on US products for internet searches.
This is most evident in browser usage. Every ministry that responded uses either Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Apple Safari, or Microsoft Edge—with the latter being pre-installed on the computer in 98 percent of cases. The picture regarding search engines is more nuanced, though similar: 74 percent use US search engines like Bing or Google, while the rest use European alternatives such as Ecosia or Startpage. However, since not all ministries responded, the overall share is likely lower.
‘We hope this survey sparks a process of reflection,’ Ecosia CEO Wolfgang Oels told the *F.A.Z.* Both browsers and search engines constitute critical digital infrastructure, he noted: ‘They are the gateway to the internet.’ It is risky for a handful of US companies to dominate this access point, Oels added. ‘Search engines determine the order in which results are displayed," he says. "They control what information is perceived, and thus public opinion as well." This makes having a certain diversity of search engines all the more important.
Then there is the "kill switch" risk: in the event of political or economic conflicts, services could be restricted or shut down. Adequate protection of sensitive data is not guaranteed either; US companies have access to what is being searched for within German ministries, according to Oels.
Naturally, the CEO has a vested interest in seeing ministries break away from US companies and switch to a European provider like Ecosia. However, Philipp Staab—Professor of the Sociology of Work, Economy, and Technological Change at Humboldt University of Berlin and the Einstein Center Digital Future—shares similar concerns but views certain aspects less critically than Oels.
Since browsers and search engines are used to access websites and conduct online searches, he does not see a particularly significant data protection risk, Staab told the *F.A.Z.*: "Sensitive information tends to reside elsewhere." He also considers the "kill switch" threat to be low, as ministries are not dependent on individual US providers in this area. Switching to alternative services can be done quickly and easily. "Using them does not leave you open to coercion," says Staab.
At the same time, the survey shows that even where European alternatives exist, American providers remain the dominant choice. "The technological dependence is enormous," he says. Browsers and search engines represent just the tip of a fundamental problem: applications and operating systems frequently come from US companies, Staab notes: "If Edge comes pre-installed, the entire administrative system is usually based on Microsoft Office packages."
In this area, however, the "kill switch" risk is high—and since February 2025, it has been more than just a theoretical concern. At that time, US President Donald Trump imposed sanctions on Karim Khan, who, as Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court in The Hague had issued arrest warrants for Israeli government officials. Shortly thereafter, Khan lost access to his Microsoft email account. The incident sparked a widespread debate. In October 2025, the International Criminal Court announced that it would no longer source its software from Microsoft in the future. Becoming less dependent on US providers has long been a topic of discussion, says Staab: "But now there is a certain awakening within the German government. That doesn't mean it can be implemented immediately."
The European search engine Ecosia also still relies on results from US services. However, it is working together with the French company Qwant also working on building its own independent infrastructure. Indexing has already been completed in France, whereas Germany is still in the testing phase. "It will only succeed if we also secure a certain market share," says Wolfgang Oels, pointing to the high fixed costs. "The more people use Ecosia, the higher the advertising revenue and the better the search algorithms are trained," he says. Against this backdrop, it is important for German ministries to opt for Ecosia. Anyone serious about digital sovereignty, Oels argues, must make a concerted effort to strengthen European providers.
In Germany, Schleswig-Holstein is playing a pioneering role in moving away from US software. Since 2023, the state government has been pursuing its own digital strategy, relying on open-source programs for administrative operations. However, the browsers and search engines used still come from US providers, according to Ecosia's survey. Digital Affairs Minister Dirk Schrödter explained in response to an inquiry by the *F.A.Z.* that the state government is pursuing "no explicit 'buy European' strategy"; digital sovereignty, he noted, is not achieved simply by swapping dependence on US companies for dependence on European ones. From the state government's perspective, it is important to "focus on solutions developed within an active developer community," Schrödter said, though he added that browsers and search engines would receive greater attention in the future.
The Federal Ministry for Digital Affairs, by contrast, is currently planning no further steps, a spokesperson told the *F.A.Z.*; the ministry intends neither to promote nor to mandate the use of European browsers and search engines within government departments. Such a move would constitute "an intervention in the free market that would distort competition, stifle innovation, and result in additional effort and costs." This response is puzzling in light of a speech given by Friedrich Merz at the Digital Summit, in which he announced strategic decisions favoring European digital solutions for public administration. "We as governments," he said, "must also do our homework at home." [1]
1. Digitale Souveränität? Fehlanzeige. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung; Frankfurt. 31 Mar 2026: 13. SOPHIA COPER