“Google has launched a satellite to find out whether data centers can run in space.
A prototype satellite containing four of Google's artificial-intelligence chips, called Tensor Processing Units, was launched by SpaceX on Thursday, the beginning of a year-long experiment testing whether TPUs can survive in orbit.
The satellite was among several payloads loaded on a rocket that lifted off from California just after 11:30 a.m. local time.
The company hopes the project, known as Suncatcher, will someday allow it to build an orbital data center with thousands of interconnected satellites, fueled by the sun's energy. Google designed the satellite in partnership with Planet Labs. It is equipped with solar panels and will circle Earth in a sun-synchronous orbit, exposing it to sunlight around the clock.
The panels, which power the TPUs, are expected to harness up to eight times as much energy as a solar panel on Earth. The atmosphere, weather and nighttime limit how much power ground-based systems can harness.
"The sun is the biggest power source in our solar system by far," said Travis Beals, senior director of Paradigms of Intelligence, an AI research team at Google, a unit of Alphabet.
Google hopes to keep the TPUs in orbit for about a year. The chips will be used to run large language models and respond to simple queries, Beals said. The company has already exposed its TPUs to conditions that simulate space. Still, "no amount of testing is as good as the real thing," he said.
Google is one of the first companies to launch AI chips into space. Other companies, including SpaceX and Blue Origin, are planning similar projects.
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Space-based data centers could also be suited to special use cases, said Val Elbert, global leader of Boston Consulting Group's technology, media and telecommunications practice. Governments could use these data centers to store sovereign data, and companies could use them to process satellite imagery in real-time.
Advocates for these projects have said that data centers in orbit can avoid some problems that land-based operations face including pushback from residents, land constraints and finite energy sources.
Still, space-based data centers face many challenges, from costs to radiation.
During a rocket launch, an AI chip experiences up to 100 times the force of gravity, which could damage it, Google said. Once in orbit, the chip will have to survive being bombarded by cosmic rays and solar events.
These chips could also overheat, said John Abraham, a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of St. Thomas. As AI chips process queries, they produce thermal energy. But the methods used to cool a data center on Earth don't work in orbit. Instead, space-based data centers will have to use radiators that turn heat into waves of infrared light, which are then dispersed into deep space, he said.
Google's prototype satellite is about the size of a refrigerator, the company said. But in the future, satellites will carry dozens of TPUs at a time, requiring solar panels and radiators orders of magnitude larger than the chips themselves. For example, while one TPU is a few inches wide, radiators of future satellites could be the size of a Boeing 747, Elbert said.
Beals estimates that it may take 10,000 such satellites to make a single 1-gigawatt data center in space.
That would carry an astronomically high price tag. At present, building and launching the orbital equivalent of a 1-gigawatt data center on Earth would cost around $30 billion, Elbert estimates.
Advances in launch technology will eventually make that cheaper, he added. Still, it won't entirely close the price gap with data centers on Earth.
"The cost equation will always favor Earth-based data centers," said Elbert.
Google projects that it will one day be possible to build a space-based data center as cheaply as a terrestrial data center, Beals said, though it may take years to get there.
For now, Google is waiting to see whether the TPUs it just launched into space survive undamaged, a period he said could take weeks.
"We want to see if the behavior in space matches what we saw on Earth," Beals said.
Google plans to launch more TPUs into space -- this time on two interconnected satellites -- in 2027.” [1]
1. Is Space the Final Frontier for AI? --- Google launches a satellite with four chips into orbit to test data centers. Cadenhead, Rebecca. Wall Street Journal, Eastern edition; New York, N.Y.. 02 Oct 2026: B4.