"SINGAPORE -- Countries such as Mexico, India and Vietnam face a formidable rival in the contest to knock China off its perch as the world's factory floor: China's vast interior.
Low-cost manufacturing is expanding away from China's bustling coast as companies hunt for cheaper land and labor in central and western provinces. The migration has accelerated in recent years as U.S. tariffs push up costs for factories, and China's coastal megacities focus on high-tech electronics, electric vehicles and other advanced industries.
The result has been an export boom for China's inland provinces that dwarfs the acceleration in overseas sales enjoyed by would-be rivals to China's manufacturing crown.
As inland China develops further, it is helping China deepen its dominance in swaths of global manufacturing, even as Western nations grow wary of China as a supplier for critical industries such as semiconductors and renewable energy.
China still faces major challenges in holding on to its top-dog status. Worsening demographics mean its manufacturing workforce is shrinking, and foreign investment in Chinais drying up.
The U.S. and its allies are dangling subsidies and other incentives to persuade businesses to embrace alternatives to China, though a sizable shift in companies' sourcing is likely years away, economists say.
"China is going to be a major player in global manufacturing for the foreseeable future," said Gordon Hanson, an economist and professor of urban policy at Harvard University's Kennedy School, who explored the possibility of more manufacturing moving to inland China in a 2020 paper. "China just has too much capacity for the world not to need to rely on it for a good while."
Since the start of 2018, exports from 15 of China's central and western provinces have jumped 94% as factory production expanded beyond the Pearl and Yangtze River deltas that are the engine rooms of China's industrial economy.
In the 12 months through August, those provinces exported a combined $630 billion -- more than India's $425 billion, Mexico's $590 billion, and Vietnam's $346 billion over the same period, according to official figures compiled by data provider CEIC.
Exports from China's interior have been growing faster than those countries' exports, too, despite the surge in interest in alternative locations for manufacturing other than China.
Since the beginning of 2018, exports from India have risen 41%, exports from Mexico have risen 43%, and exports from Vietnam have increased 56%. All three countries have benefited from the shuffling of global supply chains in the wake of the U.S.-China trade war and the Covid-19 pandemic. In 2018, Mexico was exporting more than China's interior but was overtaken in 2020.
China's coastal provinces, which encompass manufacturing hubs such as Guangzhou and Shenzhen in the south, Ningbo and Shanghai in the east and Qingdao and Tianjin in the northeast, remain the powerhouse of global manufacturing. Together, those regions exported $2.7 trillion of goods in the 12 months through August, around half the total exports of the U.S., European Union and Japan combined.
Average annual private-sector wages in Guangdong more than doubled in the 10 years through 2021, according to China's National Bureau of Statistics. Better-educated younger workers in coastal cities are skipping tough factory work for jobs in services.
Other forces pushing companies into the interior include a search for cheaper factory space and tighter rules in coastal cities to reduce pollution or rezone industrial areas for residential development.
Many companies scarred by the pandemic and spooked by tensions between Beijing and the U.S.-led West are refashioning supply chains to make them less reliant on China.
But economists say loosening China's grip on global manufacturing will be tough.
China's share of global goods exports was 14% in 2022, down slightly from 2021, and compared with 8.3% for the U.S. in second place and 6.6% for Germany, in third. A recent report by Rhodium Group, a New York-based research outfit, said moving factories out of China to other countries may have little impact on China's manufacturing clout, since those factories will remain dependent on Chinese suppliers for materials and components." [1]
1. World News: Factory Floor Shifts To China's Interior --- Move away from coast puts further pressure on nations aiming to lift output. Douglas, Jason. Wall Street Journal, Eastern edition; New York, N.Y.. 09 Oct 2023: A.10.