"Professor Ross discovered the “tremendous difference between being the questioner and being the answerer — or, more generally, being the person who sets the agenda for what’s going on, versus the person who has less power.”
Professor Ross broadened that notion in his 1977 paper “The Intuitive Psychologist and His Shortcomings,” in which he argued that much social misunderstanding is caused by a general tendency to attribute human behavior to personalities, rather than to external circumstances.
He called that phenomenon “the fundamental attribution error.” The term became a foundational concept in psychology, and it provided a buzzy phrase to commentators on everything from leadership to crime fighting to workplace socializing.
Professor Ross, who was on the faculty of Stanford, demonstrated the existence of the fundamental attribution error with an experiment. He devised a game in which Stanford undergraduates drew cards that assigned them the roles of quizmaster or contestant. The quizzer was asked to devise difficult trivia questions and pose them to the contestant, who invariably struggled to answer. Other students observed.
After the game, observers said they considered the quizmaster exceptionally knowledgeable and the contestant notably ignorant.
That was a fundamental attribution error. Behavior caused by randomly assigned social roles struck those involved as arising instead from intrinsic character traits."
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