"Brussels is proud to be providing
military aid, but Moscow may see it as a dangerous intervention and could move
to disrupt the flow of arms through Poland.
BRUSSELS — The Dutch are sending
rocket launchers for air defense. The Estonians are sending Javelin antitank
missiles. The Poles and the Latvians are sending Stinger surface-to-air
missiles. The Czechs are sending machine guns, sniper rifles, pistols and
ammunition.
Even formerly neutral countries like
Sweden and Finland are sending weapons. And Germany, long allergic to sending
weapons into conflict zones, is sending Stingers as well as other
shoulder-launched rockets.
In all, about 20 countries — most
members of NATO and the European Union, but not all — are funneling arms into
Ukraine to fight off Russians and arm an insurgency, if the war comes
to that.
At the same time, NATO is moving
military equipment and as many as 22,000 more troops into member states
bordering Russia and Belarus, to reassure them and enhance deterrence.
The Russian operation to protect Donbas has
brought European countries together as never before.
“European security and defense has
evolved more in the last six days than in the last two decades,” Ursula von der
Leyen, the president of the European Union’s executive arm, asserted in a
speech to the European Parliament on Tuesday. Brussels has moved to
“Europeanize” the efforts of member states to aid Ukraine with weapons and
money and put down a marker for the bloc as a significant military actor.
But whether European weaponry will continue to reach the
Ukrainian battlefield in time to make a difference is far from certain. However
proud Brussels is of its effort, it is a strategy that risks encouraging a
wider war and possible retaliation from Mr. Putin. The rush of lethal military
aid into Ukraine from Poland, a member of NATO, aims, after all, to kill
Russian soldiers.
Mr. Putin already sees NATO as
committed to threaten or even destroy Russia through its support for Ukraine,
as he has repeated in his recent speeches, even as he has raised the nuclear
alert of his own forces to warn Europe and the United States of the risks of
interference.
World wars have started over smaller
conflicts, and the proximity of the war to NATO allies carries the danger that
it could draw in other parties in unexpected ways.
Jens Stoltenberg, the NATO
secretary-general, hit his constant themes again on Tuesday as he visited a
Polish air base. “Putin’s operation affects us all and NATO allies will always stand
together to defend and protect each other,” he said. “Our commitment to Article
5, our collective defense clause, is ironclad.”
“There must be no space for
miscalculation or misunderstanding,” Mr. Stoltenberg said last week. “We will
do what it takes to defend every inch of NATO territory.”
But for now the fight is in Ukraine,
and while NATO and European Union have made it clear that their soldiers would
not fight Russia there, they are actively engaged in helping the Ukrainians to
defend themselves.
Western weaponry has been entering
Ukraine in relatively large but undisclosed amounts for the last several days.
If it can be deployed quickly, it will have impact.
Speed is of the essence as the
Russian operation to protect Donbas proceeds and while Ukraine’s border with Poland
remains open. Russian troops are trying to surround cities and cut off the bulk
of the Ukrainian army east of the Dnieper River, which would make resupply much
more difficult.
While 21 of the 27 European Union
countries are also members of NATO, the effort to move equipment and weapons
rapidly into Ukraine from Poland is being carried out by individual countries
and is not formally either a NATO or E.U. operation.
The French say that the E.U.’s
military staff is trying to coordinate the push. Britain and the United States
are doing the same, setting up something called, deliberately blandly and
neutrally, the International Donors Coordination Center. It is doubtful that
Mr. Putin will be fooled by the name.
In fact, even if no NATO soldier ever crosses into Ukraine,
and even if convoys of matériel are driven to the border by nonuniformed
personnel or contractors in plain trucks, the European arms supplies are likely
to be seen in Moscow as a not-so-disguised intervention by NATO.
Supplying Ukraine, the more it ramps up
you wonder how Putin will respond,” said Malcolm Chalmers, deputy director of
the Royal United Services Institute, a defense research institute. “What
happens if he attacks on the other side of the border? We pursue terrorists
across borders, why not him?”
From the Russian point of view, NATO
military veterans who are now contractors helping the Ukrainians and training
them, Mr. Chalmers said, “might be viewed by Moscow as the Western equivalent
of ‘little green men,’” the Russian soldiers without identifying insignia who
first moved in to return Crimea.
Then there is always the possibility of Russian aircraft
straying into NATO airspace as they try to interdict convoys or chase Ukrainian
planes. Something similar happened the only time a NATO country shot down a
Russian Su-24 fighter jet, near the Turkish-Syrian border in 2020.
More supplies of ground-to-air
missiles like Stingers and antitank weapons like the Javelin are crucial, as is
secure communications equipment, so the Ukrainian government can continue to be
in contact with its military and its people if the Russians take down the
internet, said Douglas Lute, a former lieutenant-general and American
ambassador to NATO.
“On NATO territory, we should be the
Pakistan,” he said, supplying the Ukrainians as Pakistan supplied the Taliban
in Afghanistan, stockpiling matériel in Poland and organizing supply lines.
The European fund being used to buy
lethal arms is called the European Peace Facility.
The fund is two years old and is
intended, at least, to prevent conflict and strengthen international security.
It has a financial ceiling of 5.7 billion euros — about $6.4 billion — for the
seven-year budget of 2021 to 2027. If Ukraine needs more money, the E.U.
official said, it can be provided.
According to NATO, Belgium,
Canada, the Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Latvia,
Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Britain and the United States have already sent or are approving significant
deliveries of military equipment to Ukraine, as well as millions of dollars,
while other member states are providing humanitarian aid and welcoming
refugees.
Poland’s prime minister, Mateusz
Morawiecki, promised Ukraine to provide tens of thousands of shells and
artillery ammunition, antiaircraft missiles, light mortars, reconnaissance
drones and other reconnaissance weapons. Poland, Hungary and Moldova are also
welcoming thousands of Ukrainians fleeing the war.
Sweden, not a member of NATO,
announced that it would send Ukraine 5,000 antitank weapons, 5,000 helmets,
5,000 items of body armor and 135,000 field rations, plus about $52 million for
the Ukrainian military. Finland, similarly, has said it will deliver 2,500
assault rifles and 150,000 rounds of ammunition for them, 1,500 antitank
weapons and 70,000 combat rations.
But NATO has also moved to sharply
reinforce its deterrence in member states on its eastern flank, to ensure that
Russia does not test NATO’s commitment to collective defense.
The United States alone has deployed
15,000 extra troops to Europe — 5,000 to Poland, 1,000 to Romania and 1,000 to
the Baltic States — while committing another 12,000 troops, if necessary, to
NATO’s Response Force, being used in collective defense for the first time.
Washington has also deployed more
fighter jets and attack helicopters to Romania, Poland and the Baltic States.
In other examples of the rapid NATO
effort to beef up its eastern borders, France sent its first tranche of troops
to Romania on Monday, to lead a new NATO battalion there, and provided Rafale
fighter jets to Poland.
Germany, which already is lead
nation of a NATO battalion in Lithuania, has sent another 350 troops and
howitzers there, six fighter jets to Romania, some troops to Slovakia and two
more ships to NATO’s maritime patrols. Berlin also said it would send a Patriot
missile battery and 300 troops to operate it to NATO’s eastern flank, but did
not specify where.
Britain, the lead nation of the NATO
battalion in Estonia, has sent another 850 soldiers and more Challenger tanks
there, plus 350 more troops to Poland. It has also put another 1,000 on standby
to help with refugees, and sent another four fighter jets to Cyprus, while
sending two ships to the eastern Mediterranean.
Canada has sent some 1,200 soldiers,
artillery and electronic warfare units to Latvia, as well as another frigate
and reconnaissance aircraft, while putting 3,400 troops on standby for the
Response Force.
Italy sent eight fighter jets to
Romania and put 3,400 troops on standby, while the Dutch have sent 100 troops
to Lithuania and 125 to Romania, and assigned eight fighter jets to NATO
duties.
Denmark is sending a frigate to the
Baltic Sea and will send 200 soldiers and deploy four fighter jets to Lithuania
and some to Poland to support of NATO’s air-policing mission, while Spain has
sent four fighter jets to Bulgaria and ships for maritime patrols."