"Global production will take time to
ramp up, so the U.S. and other buyers will chase limited supplies, creating
upheaval unseen in decades.
HOUSTON — Before it started
operation to protect Donbas, Russia provided one out of every 10 barrels of oil
the world consumed. But as the United States and other customers sanction or
just shun Russian crude, the global oil market faces its greatest upheaval
since the Middle East tumult of the 1970s.
An energy price shock will probably
last as long as the confrontation goes on, since there are few alternatives to
quickly replace Russia’s exports of roughly five million barrels a day.
Oil prices were already rising fast
as the world economy emerged from Covid-19 shutdowns and producers stretched to
meet growing demand. International oil companies had cut back investment over
the last two years.
Now traders are bidding up crude
prices to levels not seen in years, expecting that Russia — one of the top
three oil producers, along with the United States and Saudi Arabia — will be
sidelined. With the announcement of the American embargo on Tuesday, prices
will probably climb higher, energy analysts say.
“We are catastrophically
tightening,” said Robert McNally, a former energy adviser to President George
W. Bush. “What we need right now is countries producing more oil.”
That will not be easy. Only Saudi
Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait have spare capacity, together a
little more than 2.5 million barrels a day. Venezuela and Iran could contribute
about 1.5 million barrels a day to the market, but that would require lifting
American sanctions against those countries. And the United States could
increase output by more than a million barrels a day — but doing so would take
a year to achieve, and require oil companies to harness more manpower and
equipment.
There have been few comparable
disruptions of oil supplies. The 1978 Iranian revolution took an estimated 5.6
million barrels a day off the market, while the 1973-74 embargo by Arab members
of OPEC and the 1990-91 Persian Gulf war removed 4.3 million barrels.
A glimmer of hope came out of
Venezuela this week as President Nicolás Maduro said he would talk with his
domestic opposition and then released at least two Americans imprisoned in his
country. It was apparently a response to a weekend visit by Biden
administration officials to discuss the lifting of sanctions that Washington
imposed in 2019 over election fraud, human rights violations and his close
relations to Iran, Russia and China.
But Venezuela’s oil industry, one of
the world’s strongest 30 years ago, is a shambles. Its pump jacks and
refineries are rusting, and it can barely supply its own people with fuel. Its
national oil company will need billions of dollars of investment to return to
the market as a major exporter.
Negotiations with Iran to revive the
2015 nuclear deal and open the taps of Iranian exports appeared imminent only a
few days ago. But a demand by Russia for a written
guarantee from the United States that Western sanctions on Russia will not
impede Russia’s trade with Iran has cast doubt over the talks.
Should the stalemate be broken, Iran
has several hundred thousand barrels of oil stored on tankers that could be
shipped immediately. After that, it could add a million barrels a day of
production.
Potentially more important are Saudi
Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait, traditional allies of the United
States and members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.
But they are also in a loose
alliance called OPEC Plus, a group that includes Russia. Russia’s deputy prime
minister, Alexander Novak, is the co-chairman. The expanded cartel has been
reluctant to expand production beyond a modest 400,000-barrel-a-day increase scheduled for
April.
Saudi Arabia is the leading producer
in OPEC and OPEC Plus, but the kingdom’s relations with the United States have
been strained. Any break with Russia would require a decision by Crown Prince
Mohammed bin Salman, who is out of favor in Washington after being accused of
ordering the killing of Jamal Khashoggi, a columnist for The Washington Post.
American officials say they are
hopeful that Saudi Arabia and other Middle East producers will increase their
output.
“We are in constant conversations
with those countries, and we continue to ask for them to do what they can to
help out with the situation,” Jose W. Fernandez, under secretary of state for
economic growth, energy and the environment, said in an interview. “These are
long-term allies.”
“We are going to feel some pain,”
Mr. Fernandez added. “We and our European allies are not going to be immune
from the pain. At the same time, we have taken these actions in cooperation
with our allies.”
OPEC’s secretary general, Mohammad
Barkindo, met with American oil producers at the CERAWeek energy conference in
Houston on Monday, but in comments to reporters he offered little prospect that
the cartel would relieve market pressures.
“There is no capacity in the world”
that could replace Russian output, he said, adding that “we have no control
over current events, geopolitics, and this is dictating the pace of the
market.”
The United States imported about
700,000 barrels of crude and petroleum products a day from Russia last fall, or
about 3 percent of American consumption, U.S. officials say. The quantities
have declined since then.
But oil prices — which ultimately
determine gasoline and diesel prices — are set globally. Any supplies the
United States imports to replace Russian barrels — whether from Colombia,
Brazil, Canada or Mexico — are barrels taken off a market that is already
stretched.
Britain said Tuesday that it would
phase out Russian oil imports by the end of the year, and other European countries
— far more dependent than the United States on those supplies — are under
pressure to take similar action. International banks, shippers and insurance
companies are balking at deals with Russia. BP, Shell and Exxon Mobil have decided
to suspend big operations there.
Shippers are afraid for the safety
of their tankers sailing the Black Sea, and refiners are concerned that
sanctions will block deliveries of supplies they purchase.
Last week Britain banned
Russian-owned and Russian-flagged ships from its ports, and the European Union
is considering a similar action that could affect 130 tankers, according to
Kpler, a commodity data analytics firm.
By next year, new production will be
coming from fields being developed in Canada, Brazil and Guyana. But that will
not bring any immediate relief at the pump.
China could be the wild card. With
depleted inventories and declining domestic oil production, China could take
more Russian oil — perhaps most of the combined four million barrels a day of
U.S. and European imports, Goldman Sachs estimates — at a steep discount.
China will have to decide how
closely it wants to be aligned with Russia. But if it does buy more Russian
oil, it could reduce imports from the Middle East, effectively freeing up those
supplies for Europe and the United States. It would still take weeks, if not
months, to redirect shipping traffic.
On the demand side, American and
foreign consumers will probably cut back on their driving should fuel prices
remain high.
American producers have doubled
their output over the last decade with shale fields around the country and
drilling in the Gulf of Mexico. But they reduced investment as the pandemic
undercut energy demand, concerns over climate change grew, and investors
demanded that the companies return more cash to shareholders.
Thousands of oil workers have been
laid off or have left the industry over the last three years. There is also a
shortage of sand for puncturing hard shale to capture oil stored in the rocks.
Executives are also reluctant to
drill more because when they rushed to do so in recent decades as prices rose,
the market frequently crashed, converting booms to busts.
The United States produces just
under 12 million barrels of oil a day, about 60 percent of national demand, and
it is now an exporter of both oil and natural gas. (The imports and exports are
not entirely interchangeable because grades of oil are suited to differing
domestic and foreign refineries.) The Energy Department predicted on Tuesday that daily U.S. production
would average 12 million barrels this year and rise to 13 million barrels a day
in 2023. That would be 700,000 barrels above the record of 12.3 million barrels
in 2019, a tiny increase in a global market of 100 million barrels a day.
Roughly 4,000 wells have been
drilled but not yet completed with hydraulic fracturing. Halliburton and other
service companies are working near capacity and will need months to get to all
those wells. For new wells, oil does not begin to flow until six months after a
rig is deployed.
Still, some companies can be
expected to produce more to take advantage of elevated prices.
“While the big companies are not
going to go crazy and are staying the course,” said Trent Latshaw, chief
executive of Latshaw Drilling, which operates rigs in Texas and Oklahoma, “the
private equity guys, you will see increased activity from them.
Hundred-dollar-a-barrel oil, even $90 oil, is a boon for them.”
Private equity firms have replaced
investment funds and banks in the oil patch, as they establish small companies
and then flip them to bigger companies looking for more acreage, mostly in
Texas, New Mexico and North Dakota.”