2021 m. gegužės 21 d., penktadienis
Conglomerated South Korea
"According to the logic of conglomerated South Korea, a few large firms control most industries and determine both supply and demand, funneling wealth to the top.
The chaebols are inescapable: As the novelist Kim Young-ha has written, an average South Korean could begin her day in a Samsung-built apartment, watch a video on a Samsung smartphone and get informed by a news broadcast on a Samsung TV, all paid for on a Samsung credit card.Yet these ubiquitous corporations have done little to improve the lives of most South Koreans. Today, chaebols employ only about one-tenth of Korean workers and are drivers of social inequality. Decades ago, they began to move much of their industrial operations abroad, where they can pay workers less; at home, they continue to project a C-suite fantasy of white-collar wealth that few can attain. Meanwhile, South Korea has among the O.E.C.D.’s highest rates of poverty; the rate for the nation’s seniors tops the list. Koreans also work some of the longest hours in the world but experience little social mobility.
When Mr. Moon became president of South Korea in 2017, he pledged to undo the legacy of President Park Geun-hye, his corrupt, impeached predecessor, and that of her father, the military autocrat Park Chung-hee, whose governing blueprint throughout the 1960s and ’70s involved gross abuses of human rights and the introduction of the chaebol business model. Mr. Moon vowed early on to curb the dominance of the chaebols, improve wages, increase welfare benefits and boost small and medium-sized businesses. He succeeded in raising the minimum wage, expanding child-care credits and pensions for seniors and establishing a government office to support innovation. Yet he has been unable or unwilling to cross the chaebols.
Conglomerates like Samsung, Hyundai, Hanjin, Lotte and LG once helped many workers enter the middle class and made South Korea a booming “East Asian tiger.” But the chaebols also embraced offshoring, outsourcing and price-gouging while lobbying for closed markets. Their executives have amassed billions speculating in real estate and transferring wealth to relatives: The South Korean version of the Asian financial crisis of 1997 was spurred in part by chaebol malfeasance."
Ar psichologai sukelia „psichinę ligą“?
"Prezidento Bideno švietimo plane siūloma padvigubinti psichologų skaičių JAV mokyklose. Tai iš dalies yra atsakas į akivaizdžią vaikų psichinės sveikatos krizę. Remiantis „Journal of Pediatrics“ atliktu 2019 m. tyrimu, maždaug 30 proc. vaikų, esant blogai fizinei sveikatai, buvo diagnozuotas nerimas, nuo 13% iki 20% - elgesio sutrikimai ir beveik 15% - nuotaikos sutrikimai. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad šių sutrikimų paplitimas per praėjusį dešimtmetį padvigubėjo. Pasak JAV Ligų kontrolės centro ir prevencijos tyrimo duomenis, vaikų, turinčių dėmesio deficito hiperaktyvumo sutrikimą (ADHD), skaičius 1999 m. buvo 7,6%, o 2018 m. jis išaugo iki 12,9%; tai beveik 20% padidėjo per 20 metų.
Akivaizdus vaikų psichinės sveikatos pablogėjimas pats savaime slegia. Vis dėlto įtariu, kad vienas iš veiksnių yra diagnozės dažnio padidėjimas, būtent dėl didėjančio psichinės sveikatos paslaugų paplitimo. Vienas dalykas yra aptikti ligas, turinčias nusistovėjusį biologinį pagrindą; ankstyvas vėžio nustatymas išgelbėjo daugybę gyvybių. Visai kas kita yra nustatyti ligas, remiantis apytiksliai blogai apibrėžtų simptomų grupe. Kai DSM-5, standartinis psichiatrinės diagnozės vadovas, apibūdina ADHD, tai diagnozės vadovas daro taip, kad gražiai neatskirtų jokios populiacijos tų, kurie jį turi, ir tų, kurie jo neturi. Jame nurodoma, kad ADHD sergančiam vaikui pasireiškia „šeši ar daugiau“ „neatidumo“ simptomai. Pavyzdžiui, toks vaikas gali būti lengvai išsiblaškęs. Psichologai, galima pastebėti, nediagnozuoja mokytojus ir mokymo programas, kaip nepakankamai įdomius, kad išlaikytų dėmesį. Prieš gydydami vaiką galingais stimuliatoriais, galite paklausti, ar blogas švietimas taip pat suteiks jums šešias neatidumo atmainas.
Galimų ligos simptomų griebtuvas apibūdina vidutinio berniuko elgesį vidutinėje klasėje kaip ir prieš mokyklos psichologijos epochą: „dažnai blaškosi“ ar „sukasi“, „dažnai palieka kėdę“, „dažnai laksto“, „dažnai kalba per daug“. Tai nėra ligos simptomai. Jie yra įprasto žmogaus vaiko simptomai. Mokyklos psichologai gali patys neskirti vaistų, tačiau dažnai skatina juos vartoti ir nurodo tėvams vaistus galinčius paskirti gydytojus. Vaikų psichologijos teikiamos diagnozės ir mobilizuoti vaistai daugiausia skirti tam, kad studentai ramiai ir tyliai sėdėtų, o tai buvo tikslas, kurio anksčiau siekė mušanti lazdelė ar ranka. Tai nauja mokyklos drausmės forma, leidžianti tėvams įsitikinti, kad jų vaikai serga, ir tai greitai atveda vaikus prie tos pačios išvados apie save.
DSM-5 nubrėžta riba tarp įprasto ar pagrįsto nerimo ir diagnozuojamo nerimo arba tarp tinkamo liūdesio ir depresijos yra tokia pat neryški. Norėčiau pamatyti įrodymus, kurių, remiantis greita literatūros apžvalga, atrodo nedaug, kad daugiau mokyklų psichologų lemia mažiau vaikų psichikos ligų, net ir laikantis pusiau aiškių DSM-5 standartų. Ir aš norėčiau grįžti prie galvojimo apie mokyklas, kaip apie vietas, kuriose mokomasi istorijos ir matematikos, o ne apie visa apimančias vaikystės gydymo įstaigas“[1].
1. Do Psychologists Cause 'Mental Illness'?
Sartwell, Crispin. Wall Street Journal, Eastern edition; New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]21 May 2021: A.13.
Do Psychologists Cause 'Mental Illness'?
"President Biden's education plan proposes to double the number of psychologists in U.S. schools. This is partly a response to an apparent crisis in childhood mental health. According to a 2019 study in the Journal of Pediatrics, some 30% of American adolescents with fair or poor physical health have been diagnosed with anxiety, between 13% and 20% with behavior disorders, and almost 15% with mood disorders. The study finds that the reported prevalence of these disorders doubled over the previous decade. According to a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study, the number of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in 1999 was 7.6%, and in 2018 it rose to 12.9%; that's an almost 70% increase in 20 years.
The apparent decline in childhood mental health is itself depressing. I suspect, however, that one of the factors driving it is increased diagnosis due precisely to the increasing prevalence of mental-health services. It is one thing to detect diseases with well-established biological bases; early detection of cancer has saved many lives. It is quite another to detect diseases on the basis of a rough group of ill-defined symptoms.
When the DSM-5, the standard manual for psychiatric diagnosis, characterizes ADHD, it does so in a way that doesn't neatly separate any population into those who have it and those who don't. It specifies that a child with ADHD displays "six or more" symptoms of "inattention." Such a child, for instance, may be easily distracted. Psychologists don't, one might remark, diagnose teachers and curriculums as insufficiently interesting to maintain attention. Before you treat a child with powerful stimulants, you might ask whether education would give you six varieties of inattention, too.
The grab bag of supposed symptoms of the disease amounts to a description of the average boy's behavior in the average classroom before the era of school psychology: "often fidgets" or "squirms," "often leaves seat," "often runs about," "often talks excessively." These aren't symptoms of an illness. They are symptoms of being a normal human child.
School psychologists may not themselves prescribe medication but often encourage its use and direct parents to prescribing physicians. The diagnoses provided and medications mobilized by child psychology are devoted largely to getting students to sit quietly and still, goals formerly pursued by the cane or the knuckle-rap. It's a new form of school discipline, one that leaves parents certain that their children are diseased, and that quickly leads the children to the same conclusion about themselves. The line drawn by the DSM-5 between normal or reasonable worry and diagnosable anxiety, or between appropriate sadness and depression, is just as blurry.
I'd like to see the evidence -- which appears thin in a quick survey of the literature -- that more school psychologists lead to less childhood mental illness, even by the half-baked standards of the DSM-5. And I'd like to return to thinking about schools as places to learn history and mathematics rather than as wraparound childhood treatment facilities." [1]
1. Do Psychologists Cause 'Mental Illness'?
Sartwell, Crispin. Wall Street Journal, Eastern edition; New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]21 May 2021: A.13.