"Despite years of programs to get girls to code and to pair female scientists with mentors, men outnumber women two-to-one in STEM -- science, technology, engineering and math -- jobs. The gender gaps are especially wide in some of the fastest-growing and best-paying fields, such as computer science and engineering.
Advocates for closing these gaps argue that women are victims of structural inequities, such as biased hiring practices and unequal parenting demands. They are not wrong, and their effort to encourage girls to pursue STEM and to retain women in these fields makes sense. But I'm not sure they will yield the desired effects.
Sexism is surely a problem, but it may not be the main problem.
There's growing evidence that girls and women aren't pursuing STEM careers because they'd simply prefer not to.
That is, that sex differences in the STEM workforce may largely be a product of sex differences in interests and priorities.
This is a controversial claim, but there's abundant research to support it. First, if discrimination were preventing women from entering STEM fields, then women in countries with less gender equity, such as in the Middle East and South Asia, would surely be less likely to pursue STEM careers than women in countries with greater gender equity, such as in Scandinavia. After all, there must be more barriers for women who want to be scientists in Algeria than in Finland. In fact, we see the opposite: Women make up over 40% of the STEM graduates in Algeria and only 20% in Finland. This pattern can be seen around the world.
The likely story here is that gender equity matters less than money. Countries with less gender equity tend to be poor, and careers in STEM are one of the clearest routes to financial success anywhere. Women with strong quantitative skills in poor countries have good reason to enter the sciences to make a living. Women in relatively rich countries can afford to pursue less lucrative careers without risking a life of poverty.
Now let's consider the ratios of men to women in different STEM disciplines in the U.S., which have been carefully documented for over 50 years. Even as women have entered these fields in droves and have outnumbered male Ph.D.s in general for over 15 years, the relative ranking of STEM disciplines -- from most to least male-dominated -- has remained largely unchanged since the 1970s.
Engineering, for example, has always led the list as the most male-dominated discipline in the U.S., as measured in Ph.D.s, followed by math and computer science. Meanwhile, social sciences and life sciences have always had the greatest share of female Ph.D.s. These trends have held steady even as the share of female Ph.D.s in these disciplines has tripled and quadrupled.
Why are women consistently more likely to become sociologists than chemical engineers? Some suggest that women simply prefer fields with more women, but this explanation doesn't seem sufficient. Male Ph.D.s in psychology outnumbered women three to one in 1970, yet women still entered the discipline en masse, and now earn around 75% of all psychology Ph.D.s, according to the National Science Foundation.
A better explanation for lasting sex differences in various disciplines, I believe, is that they reflect the inherent attractiveness of different fields to men and women.
Scores of surveys over the last 50 years show that women tend to be more interested in careers that involve working with other people while men prefer jobs that involve manipulating objects, whether it is a hammer or a computer.
These leanings can be seen in the lab, too. Studies published in the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin in 2016, for example, found that women were more responsive to pictures of people, while men were more responsive to pictures of things.
Consistent with what men and women say they want, the STEM fields with more men, such as engineering and computer science, focus on objects while those with more women, such as psychology and biomedicine, focus on people.
Given the push to get more people -- and especially more girls -- interested in STEM, it is worth noting that talented students of both sexes tend to avoid a career in math or science if they can pursue something else. STEM jobs aren't for everyone, regardless of how lucrative they may be.
A study of more than 70,000 high-school students in Greece, published in the Journal of Human Resources in 2024, found that girls on average outperformed boys in both STEM and non-STEM subjects but rarely pursued STEM in college if they were just as strong in other things. A study of middle-aged adults who had been precocious in math as teens, published in the journal Psychological Science in 2014, found that only around a quarter of the men were working in STEM and IT.
Large-scale studies around the world show that women are generally more likely than men to have skills in non-STEM areas, while men who are strong in math and science are often less skilled elsewhere. But while everyone seems to be concerned about whether girls are performing well in STEM classes, no one seems all that troubled by the fact that boys are consistently underperforming in reading and writing.
Consider the scores in reading, math and science among high-school students in 80 different countries from Albania to Vietnam, all of whom take the same test in their own language. In every country, female students outperform male students in verbal tasks. The STEM data are bouncier, with girls sometimes outperforming boys and sometimes not.
It is likely, then, that girls who are strong in STEM subjects have more options for what careers to pursue, given their strengths elsewhere.
But this still raises a big question: Why do girls outperform boys verbally in every country? The answer is a complicated mix of neuroscience, biology and life experiences, but it largely boils down to an essential evolutionary difference, which is that females tend to be more socially connected than males, and connection demands strong verbal skills.
The reason for the primacy of social connections among females can be explained largely by child care. Because women have long borne the brunt of reproduction, they have historically needed lots of help raising their children. Men have traditionally helped indirectly, as providers of food and protection, so women who want their kids to reach adulthood had good reason to forge bonds with other women while the men were out hunting.
Connection necessitates caring and communication. We tend to focus on women's under-representation in STEM, but they are also over-represented in careers that emphasize care and communication, such as nursing and teaching.
It is not a coincidence that these jobs typically pay poorly, as we tend to devalue what some call "women's work." The clearest evidence of this comes from an analysis of occupational pay levels from 1950 to 2000, published in the journal Social Forces in 2009, which found that when the share of women in a career grew, those jobs began to pay less.
Market forces have failed to correct this devaluation of care work, but this may change. AI may soon outperform most humans at most STEM tasks, but it looks less likely to replace jobs that require a caring human touch.
Efforts to remove the barriers that may prevent girls and women from pursuing STEM are certainly worthy, but prejudice and discrimination clearly don't tell the whole story. Perhaps the answer is to offer both coding camps for girls and caring camps for boys, and more generally to make sure that so-called "women's work" pays better.
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William von Hippel is a social scientist in Australia. This essay is adapted from his new book, "The Social Paradox: Autonomy, Connection, and Why We Need Both to Find Happiness," published by Harper (which, like The Wall Street Journal, is owned by News Corp)." [1]
1. REVIEW --- Why Are Girls Less Likely to Become Scientists? --- Closing the gender gap in STEM jobs has proved difficult, perhaps because it has more to do with the priorities of men and women than with sexism. William von Hippel. Wall Street Journal, Eastern edition; New York, N.Y.. 08 Mar 2025: C3.