Nuo žalos nepriklausoma senėjimo raida selektyvaus naikinimo būdu

  "Plačiai manoma, kad senėjimas atspindi molekulinės žalos kaupimąsi dėl energetinių priežiūros sąnaudų, kaip siūloma vienkartinių somų teorijoje (angl.DST). Čia mes naudojame agentais pagrįstą modeliavimą, kad apibūdintume alternatyvią teoriją, pagal kurią senėjimas galėtų būti teigiamai atrinktas nepriklausomai nuo energijos sąnauų. 

Manome, kad dėl selektyvaus greito augimo aberrantinių ląstelių pranašumo gali prireikti priešpriešinės atrankos mechanizmo, kurį vadiname selektyviu sunaikinimu, kuris specifiškai pašalina greitesnes ląsteles iš audinių, užkertant kelią jų keliamai sergamumo ir mirtingumo rizikai. 

Dėl to atsiranda lėtesnių mutantų išgyvenimo pranašumas gali pakeisti atrankos kryptį, leisdama joms nukonkuruoti tiek greitus mutantus, tiek laukinio tipo ląsteles, todėl jos plinta ir sulėtėja medžiagų apykaita. 

Todėl selektyvus naikinimas galėtų būti artimiausia senėjimo priežastis, atitinkanti genų raiška, kuri yra senėjimo požymiai ir nepriklauso nuo besikaupiančios žalos. Be to, nežymus senėjimas įgytų naują padidėjusio bazinio mirtingumo prasmę. [1]

 

 

 

1. The damage-independent evolution of ageing by selective destruction
James Wordsworth  1 , Hannah O' Keefe  2 , Peter Clark  2 , Daryl Shanley  3.  Mech Ageing Dev. 2022 Oct; 207

The damage-independent evolution of ageing by selective destruction

"Ageing is widely believed to reflect the accumulation of molecular damage due to energetic costs of maintenance, as proposed in disposable soma theory (DST). Here we use agent-based modelling to describe an alternative theory by which ageing could undergo positive selection independent of energetic costs.

 

We suggest that the selective advantage of aberrant cells with fast growth might necessitate a mechanism of counterselection we name selective destruction that specifically removes the faster cells from tissues, preventing the morbidity and mortality risks they pose.

 

The resulting survival advantage of slower mutants could switch the direction of selection, allowing them to outcompete both fast mutants and wildtype cells, causing them to spread and induce ageing in the form of a metabolic slowdown.

 

Selective destruction could therefore provide a proximal cause of ageing that is both consistent with the gene expression hallmarks of ageing, and independent of accumulating damage. Furthermore, negligible senescence would acquire a new meaning of increased basal mortality." [1]

1. The damage-independent evolution of ageing by selective destruction
James Wordsworth  1 , Hannah O' Keefe  2 , Peter Clark  2 , Daryl Shanley  3.  Mech Ageing Dev. 2022 Oct; 207

More and more workers are left without wages in Lithuania: several sectors stand out

   "For LNK midday news, the head of the Association of Credit Management Companies and Legal Balance, Marius Šlepetis, told about the conducted research, the aim of which was to understand the behavior of employees who do not receive wages. According to him, such research was motivated by the statistics he saw.

 

     "Last year, there were about 10,000 people applying to the labor dispute commission, and in the first half of this year, we already have 6,000 people who applied to the commission. Compared to the same period last year, this is already 20 percent more. Basically, we see a trend that the number of those applying is increasing, and this prompted us to conduct a study to understand their behavior," said M. Šlepetis.

 

     The interviewer revealed the results of the conducted research.

 

     "There are several directions in the research, and the main message that should be alarmed is that 26 percent of those surveyed, who have not received a salary, tend to do nothing, not to solve the problem.

 

     A small majority turn to the labor dispute commission, another small majority turn to recovery companies or lawyers, the answers are divided, but those 26 percent of individuals tend to do nothing at all. I am very sad about them," he shared.

 

     According to M. Šlepetis, statistics show that the main sectors where such and similar problems can be observed are construction, logistics and security companies, and this year the situation has worsened significantly in the industrial sector as well.

 

     "Due to various economic reasons and due to interest rates, due to higher prices of raw materials, due to the overall slowing down of the real estate market in Europe, orders are decreasing, so now we see certain negative indications in the industrial sector," he said.

 

     According to the interviewee, all such companies can be seen on the website of the Labor Disputes Commission.

 

     "They are more of the profile of such small companies, up to 10-15 employees, activities up to 5 years and so on. In practice, there have also been cases of larger companies that went bankrupt and did not pay compensation to employees, but smaller and medium-sized companies dominate," he said.

 

     How should the employee behave?

 

     We recommend it

 

     According to M. Šlepetis, in any case, it is important not to forget that communicating with the employer is very important, but employees who get into misunderstandings about salary must also know a few other things.

 

     "You need to know the employer's position and know what is happening, what promises are being shared, but, above all, you should just go online and check publicly available information, see if there is a reduction in the number of employees in that company, or if there are any publicly registered debts to other companies or suppliers. From this you can already understand the general picture of the company and whether something bad is happening", he explained.

 

     According to the interviewee, if it is possible to look even deeper, it would be worth reviewing the company's financial statements.

 

     "After the first month, maybe you shouldn't rush to conclusions, but after two months, you can even legally terminate the employment contract if you don't get paid for two months in a row." I would say that two months is already a very clear sign that the company has systemic problems", said M. Šlepetis.

 

     According to him, it should be noted that employees usually seek help for such problems after 3-4 months, but there are also longer cases.

 

     "Currently, we are advising people who are still working in a company where they have not received a salary for 6 months, and continue to be fed by the employer's promises that they will be settled and the like. They ask: what should I do? Ending the employment relationship is both morally and psychologically difficult, it doesn't matter that you don't even get paid for your work," said the head of the Association of Credit Management Companies and Legal Balance.

 

     Tips for workers

 

     According to M. Šlepetis, workers' rights are protected promptly and well enough in Lithuania, so help is provided to injured workers immediately.

 

     "If the salary is not paid, then, first of all, it is necessary to communicate with the employer, to understand the situation in general. If they do not communicate, then check that there are all the necessary proofs: payslip, employment contract, all other necessary communication.

 

     Then with those documents, a bank statement that the salary has not been received, you can apply to the Labor Disputes Commission. There, a very simple form needs to be filled out, it costs nothing, and the commission helps to defend rights, issues a writ of execution, and the recovery process can be started," said the interviewer.

 

     It is true that claims can end in different ways, but there is always a way out.

 

     "In case of company bankruptcy, the guarantee fund is activated and the state returns at least part of the earned money to the person," said M. Šlepetis."

 

Vis daugiau darbuotojų paliekami be atlyginimų: išsiskiria keli sektoriai

 

"LNK vidurdienio žinioms kreditų valdymo įmonių asociacijos ir „Legal Balance“ vadovas Marius Šlepetis pasakojo apie atliktą tyrimą, kurio tikslas buvo suprasti darbuotojų, kurie negauna darbo užmokesčio elgesį. Pasak jo, tokį tyrimą atlikti paskatino pamatyta statistika.

„Praeitais metais besikreipiančių asmenų į darbo ginčų komisiją buvo apie 10 tūkstančių, o šių metų pirmą pusmetį mes jau turime asmenų, kurie kreipėsi į komisiją, jau 6 tūkstančius. Tai, lyginant su praeitų metų tuo pačiu laikotarpiu, tai jau yra 20 procentų daugiau. Iš esmės, matome tendenciją, kad tų besikreipiančių asmenų daugėja ir tai mus paskatino atlikti tyrimą, kad suprasti jų elgesį“, – teigė M. Šlepetis.

Pašnekovas atskleidė ir atlikto tyrimo rezultatus.

„Yra keletas krypčių, kurias tyrime, o pagrindinė ta žinutė, dėl ko verta būtų sunerimti, tai, kad 26 procentai apklaustųjų, negavę darbo užmokesčio, yra linkę nieko nedaryti, nespręsti problemos.

Mažoji dauguma kreipiasi į darbo ginčų komisiją, kita mažoji dauguma kreipiasi į išieškojimo įmones ar advokatus, tai pasiskirsto tie atsakymai, bet tie 26 procentai asmenų linkę išvis nieko nedaryti. Dėl jų labai ir liūdna“, – dalijosi jis.

Pasak M. Šlepečio, statistika rodo, kad pagrindiniai sektoriai, kuriuose galima pastebėti tokias ir panašias problemas, tai būtent statybų, logistikos ir saugos bendrovės, o šiais metais situacija stipriai suaštrėjo ir pramonės sektoriuje.

„Dėl įvairių ekonominių priežasčių ir dėl palūkanų, dėl žaliavų pabrangusių, dėl bendrai Europoje lėtėjančios nekilnojamo turto rinkos mažėja užsakymų, tad dabar pramonės sektoriuje matome tam tikras tokias negatyvias indikacijas“, – teigė jis.

Anot pašnekovo, visas tokias įmones galima pamatyti darbo ginčų komisijos tinklapyje.

„Jos yra labiau tokių mažų kompanijų profilio, iki 10-15 darbuotojų, veikla iki 5 metų ir panašiai. Yra pasitaikę praktikoje ir didesnių bendrovių atvejų, kai buvo bankrotas ir nebuvo išmokėtas darbuotojams atlygis, bet dominuoja mažesnės ir vidutinės įmonės“, – pasakojo jis.

Kaip turėtų elgtis darbuotojas?

Rekomenduojame

M. Šlepečio teigimu, bet kokiu atveju svarbu nepamiršti, jog komunikuoti su darbdaviu – labai svarbu, tačiau, į nesusipratimus dėl algos patenkantys darbuotojai, turi žinoti ir keletą kitų dalykų.

„Reikia žinoti darbdavio poziciją ir žinoti, kas vyksta, kokie pažadai dalinami, bet, visų pirma, reikėtų tiesiog įsivesti į internetą ir patikrinti viešai prieinamą informaciją, pasižiūrėti, ar nemažėja darbuotojų toje bendrovėje, ar nėra registruotų viešai kažkokių įsiskolinimų kitoms bendrovėms ar tiekėjams. Iš to jau gali suprasti tą bendrą įmonės paveikslą ir ar kažkas negero darosi“, – aiškino jis.

Pasak pašnekovo, jeigu galima pažiūrėti ir dar giliau, vertėtų apžvelgti įmonės finansines ataskaitas.

„Po pirmo mėnesio gal ir nereikėtų skubėti su išvadomis, bet po dviejų mėnesių – jau net ir teisiškai galima nutraukti darbo sutartį, jeigu du mėnesius iš eilės negauni atlyginimo. Sakyčiau, kad du mėnesiai jau yra labai ryškus ženklas, kad įmonė yra su sisteminėmis problemomis“, – teigė M. Šlepetis.

Anot jo, tenka pastebėti, jog dažniausiai pagalbos dėl tokių problemų darbuotojai kreipiasi po 3-4 mėnesių, tačiau pasitaiko ir ilgesnių atvejų.

„Šiuo metu konsultuojame asmenis, kurie dirba dar iki šiol bendrovėje, kurioje ir 6 mėnesius nėra gavęs atlyginimo, ir toliau minta darbdavio pažadais, kad bus atsiskaityta ir panašiai. Jie klausia: ką man daryti? Darbo santykius nutraukti ir morališkai, ir psichologiškai sunku, nesvarbu, kad tu net negauni atlyginimo už savo darbą“, – teigė kreditų valdymo įmonių asociacijos ir „Legal Balance“ vadovas.

Patarimai gyventojams

Pasak M. Šlepečio, darbuotojų teisės Lietuvoje yra saugomos pakankamai operatyviai ir gerai, tad pagalba nukentėjusiems darbuotojams suteikiama nedelsiant.

„Jeigu nėra mokamas atlyginimas, tai, visų pirma, reikia pabendrauti su darbdaviu, bendrai suprasti situaciją. Jeigu nebendrauja, tai tada pasitikrinti, kad yra visi reikiami įrodymai: algalapis, darbo sutartis, visa kita komunikacija, kuri reikalinga.

Tada su tais dokumentais, banko išrašu, kad negautas atlyginimas – galima kreiptis į darbo ginčų komisiją. Ten labai paprasta formą reikia užpildyti, nieko nekainuoja ir komisija padeda apginti teises, duoda vykdomąjį raštą ir galima pradėti išieškojimo procesą“, – teigė pašnekovas.

Tiesa, išieškojimai gali baigtis įvairiai, tačiau išeitis – visada yra.

„Esant įmonės bankrotui, įsijungia garantinis fondas ir valstybė sugrąžina žmogui bent jau dalį uždirbtų pinigų“, – teigė M. Šlepetis."

Lithuanian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Leader of Ruling Conservatives Landsbergis Has No Moral Compass: He Criticizes Public Debate on Cluster Munitions

   "Foreign Minister Gabrielius Landsbergis says that the discussion on sensitive issues of national security - like the proposals to withdraw from the convention banning cluster munitions - should not take place in public. According to him, this could damage the representation of Lithuania's interests. Therefore, the head of the country's diplomacy refrains from more detailed comments about the National Defense initiative of the Ministry (KAM).

 

     "On sensitive issues concerning national security and international obligations, while inter-institutional coordination and analysis is underway, public comments and working discussion through the press would not look professional and would not contribute to a better representation of Lithuania's interests," says G. Landsbergis in a comment sent to Elta in writing by the minister's representative, Paulina Levickytė.

 

     "According to the Constitution and Laws of the Republic of Lithuania, the official submission to the Seimas regarding the withdrawal from the convention is the prerogative of the President of the country", notes the minister.

 

     KAM appealed to VGT members and parliamentarians: it is necessary to re-evaluate the provisions of the convention for the sake of national security

 

     ELTA reminds that KAM proposes VGT to consider withdrawing from the Oslo Convention. This was reported by the news portal delfi.lt on Monday.

 

     The letter is addressed to the members of the VGT - the president, the prime minister, the speaker of the Seimas - and the minister of foreign affairs, the chairmen of the parliament's Foreign Affairs (URK) and National Security and Defense (NSGK) committees.

 

     According to the assessment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Lithuania "needs to re-evaluate the provisions of this convention for reasons of national security", because since Lithuania joined the Oslo Convention, which prohibits the use, transport, production or storage of cluster munitions, the security situation has essentially worsened.

 

     The proposal of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is justified not only by the changed geopolitical situation, but also by the fact that Lithuania's neighbors and most of the allies bordering Russia and Belarus are not members of the Oslo Convention. In addition, the ministry says that in the event of an armed conflict, Russia and Belarus would use cluster munitions and this would give them a military advantage. Therefore, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs continues, the accepted restrictions limit Lithuania's defense capabilities and combat power.

 

     If the VGT approves such a proposal, the Ministry of Internal Affairs calls on the Seimas to denounce the convention. It was also proposed to inform Lithuania's allies about the decision.

 

     Back in August, Minister of National Defense Arvydas Anušauskas publicly expressed the hope that Lithuania would withdraw from the convention prohibiting the use of cluster munitions.

 

     However, there are differences of opinion among VGT members. Speaker of the Seimas, Viktorija Čmilytė-Nielsen, does not see the need to discuss cluster munitions in the VGT format. At that time, Prime Minister Ingrida Šimonytė states that the issue requires a proper assessment of the situation. According to her, it is necessary to weigh all the arguments for and against - to evaluate not only the benefits to the country's military capabilities, but also the risks to the reputation. At that time, the chairmen of URK and NSGK supported KAM's proposals."

 

A cluster munition is a box that scatters small insidious mines across the area of a football field. If those mines fall on bushes, grass, soft ground, even the best of them do not explode. People, particularly unfortunately young children, accidentally come into contact with these mines and are maimed and killed. Therefore, it is an immoral weapon. Covering the territory of Lithuania with unexploded, insidious mines is a crime against Lithuania. Landsbergis is acting immorally by proposing to hide these considerations from the public. Such people cannot be entrusted with the governance of Lithuania.