Tokia pat "svarbi" naujiena: "Pareigūnai aiškinasi, kas pamiršo susimokėti už dantų šepetėlį." Kodėl konservatorių ir liberalų dalyvavimas rinkimuose yra Lietuvai nesvarbus? Nes abi šios grupuotės tiek prisidirbo, kad tapo politiniais lavonais.
"Cornell Botanic Gardens is testing sustainable options for replacing your backyard grass.
The bonus: They don't need to be cut more than twice a year.
It's a grail of contemporary horticulture, a subject of inquiry for scientists and landscape designers alike: how to reinvent the estimated 40 million acres of lawn in the United States, shifting the emphasis toward native plants.
The promise? Less environmental damage and more biodiversity.
Because traditional lawn care is, at its essence, a perpetual fight against biodiversity, a war conducted with mower blades and chemicals. All of the numbers -- the gallons of water wasted, the tons of pollution generated -- tell us to stop.
But what should replace all of that mowed grass? The answer is not easy.
At Cornell Botanic Gardens, in Ithaca, N.Y., Todd Bittner, a plant ecologist, and his colleagues took up the question almost 15 years ago, in a quarter-acre research project known as the native lawn demonstration area.
"Please do walk on these plants," a sign tells visitors, explaining what's going on underfoot: a test of "low-growing native plants" as an alternative to traditional lawn.
The goal is to identify species that provide "acceptable aesthetics" and can "tolerate moderate trampling," Mr. Bittner said, but that, in every other way, differ from the various fescues, perennial ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass that have been the mainstays of conventional lawns.
A successfully reimagined lawn will be sustainable and require minimal or no watering, said Mr. Bittner, who, as the director of natural areas for the botanic gardens, manages 3,600 acres, including about a third of the Cornell University campus.
It will not need fertilizer or pesticides, he said. And the new version will require mowing only once or twice a year, significantly reducing the more than 800 million gallons of gasoline used annually to fuel the country's lawn mowers and resulting carbon dioxide emissions.
The Cornell project is also looking to identify plants that, once established, will require minimal hand weeding and will form a community that is at least 85 percent native, supporting a diversity of native insects and other animals.
Looking further ahead, Mr. Bittner has one more ask: that the substitute turf grass can be easily grown from seed, the way our current lawn grasses are.
That has been an obstacle with certain species of sedges (Carex), which have a low-growing, grasslike look, and have been a focus of other lawn-alternative studies, at Mt. Cuba Center in Delaware and elsewhere. But some of them, like Pennsylvania sedge (C. pensylvanica), "don't grow readily by seed, and that's a little bit of the hang-up," Mr. Bittner said. "We wanted this to be something that people could replicate."
Cornell's Choice: Two Species of Danthonia (THeir seeds could be bought in Europe at : http://www.kpr-eshop.eu/lt/flora-europe/
Researchers elsewhere have looked at various options for replacing the lawn, including wildflower meadows and prairie-style communities dominated by larger grasses, as well as ground covers like nonnative white clover and low-mow fescue mixes.
To anchor the project at Cornell, the team at the botanic gardens didn't have to look far. Krissy Boys, a staff horticulturist, had an idea, inspired by some low-growing native grass.
"I fell in love with Danthonia the moment I met it growing along an old seasonal road," she said.
She was referring to two members of a genus of bunch grasses, commonly called oat grass, that she had noticed under power lines, in old city parks and in cemeteries -- growing in unimproved soil with only occasional mowing.
"The combination of native species and a lawn aesthetic provided the inspiration for creating the native lawn," she said.
Poverty oat grass (Danthonia spicata), which the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center notes is native in 45 states, as well as parts of Canada and Mexico, and flattened oat grass (Danthonia compressa), an Eastern species, became the two dominant species in Cornell's lawn.
Like our current turf-grass species, Danthonia are cool-season growers, putting out new growth early in spring and again in fall. They are naturally low-growing: D. spicata is about a foot tall, and D. compressa grows to maybe 18 inches. In flower, their spikelets extend another six to 10 inches above the foliage.
The original native lawn planting at Cornell, in 2009, included more than 20 species of plants, with 11 grasses and sedges among them -- a designed plant community modeled after natural grass- and sedge-dominated ones.
The plants were sown, or introduced as small plugs, into ground from which the turf had been stripped, removing a lot of organic matter and fertility. The remaining soil was amended with sand (and limestone dust in a subsequent phase) to make conditions more well-drained and less fertile -- the antithesis of what we have offered conventional lawns, and what they rely upon at great environmental cost.
The conditions at Cornell also intentionally disfavored turf-grass weeds, which prefer the rich, loamy soil our lawns typically inhabit.
"That was us tipping the scales to make it less conducive to the turf weeds and more conducive to the native plants," Mr. Bittner said. "It also created an environment that didn't require them to be watered and fertilized."
An Evolving Scene, Courtesy of Succession
When going native, prepare for a fluid picture.
As in any natural community, succession rules. Not everything on Cornell's original plant list has survived -- and newcomers have seeded their way in. Various native asters, three species of Viola and beebalm (Monarda fistulosa) are among the many serendipitous arrivals.
The researchers are "embracing benign nonnatives," Mr. Bittner said, including volunteer white clover (Trifolium repens), self-heal (Prunella vulgaris ssp. vulgaris), St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) and some little buttercups (Ranunculus acris).
"I say benign, but some of them actually provide some benefit, like some pollinator habitat," he continued. "And what's actually key in the native lawn is to promote diversity."
Gone, though, are natives like bluets (Houstonia caerulea), with their low tufts of tiny flowers. Columbine (Aquilegia canadensis) and wild geranium (Geranium maculatum) have also disappeared.
"The Houstonia loved it the first few years. It was phenomenal and breathtaking," Mr. Bittner said. "It acted as an early successional species, but eventually was outcompeted, we think. But there's also a role for plants in ecological communities to ebb and flow. You want to have these pioneer species, and then the ones that are going to come on later."
One perennial that has done especially well is hairy beardtongue (Penstemon hirsutus), whose little lavender-pink tubular flowers can attract an array of pollinators, including long-tongued bees and butterflies, as well as hummingbirds.
Such animal interactions have been a big win. University entomologists report observing nearly four times as many insect families in the native lawn as they do in traditional turf-grass areas. On a single day, they have seen as many as 36 families there.
"We had pollinators, we had herbivores, we had predators, we had parasitoids -- this complex web of this insect community that mimicked nature," Mr. Bittner said. "Which was one of our goals in establishing the native lawn, to create this beneficial native-plant habitat. It far exceeded our expectations, in numbers and complexity."
Get Out Your Scythe (or Weed Whacker)
The other good news is the sharp reduction in mowing. Once this kind of lawn is established, only a few hours of care is required annually -- maybe a cutting or two.
To achieve the look of a lawn rather than a meadow, you mow "to control the height to what you are comfortable with, with however frequent a summer regimen to reach the height you want aesthetically," Mr. Bittner said.
"Just don't mow it too short," he advised, suggesting a minimum of six to eight inches.
One wrinkle is that traditional tools won't do the job, because their blades can't be set that high. So get out the weed whacker. This year, the garden staff wielded a scythe, too.
One thing they don't mow (or walk on): the Eastern prickly pear cactus (Opuntia cespitosa), one of the more surprising New York natives to make itself at home in this new take on the lawn.
So can you try this at home?
Danthonia seed is not on garden-center shelves yet, but the seed and plugs are sold by a few native-plant specialty companies.
"There's a chicken-and-egg to this to begin with," Mr. Bittner said. "There has to be interest from the public and consumer demand. And then there has to be the supply component."
Cornell Botanic Gardens is trying to help change that by participating in the Northeast Seed Network, a collaborative effort with other institutions, commercial nurseries and seed companies to expand the availability of locally sourced seed. To that end, the native lawn team delays mowing until after seed is collected, pushing their annual maintenance to late July or early August.
The bigger, 40-million-acre end game is ever top of mind.
As Mr. Bittner put it: "Converting turf-grass lawns to something more sustainable is an action every homeowner can take to collectively address the climate crisis and give nature a helping hand."
Margaret Roach is the creator of the website and podcast A Way to Garden , and a book of the same name." [1]
1. The Ideal Lawn Needs Little Mowing: [Real Estate Desk]. Roach, Margaret. New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast); New York, N.Y.. 24 Sep 2023: RE.10.
„Jie yra pagaminti iš plastiko arba putplasčio, sveria vos kelis kilogramus ir dažnai paleidžiami tiesiog kariui išmetus juos į orą, tarsi mėtant Javelin.
Lėtai vykstančio kontrpuolimo prieš Rusijos pajėgas metu, kontrpuolimo, kuri kartais priklausydavo nuo menkiausių pranašumų, pigių, dažniausiai parduodamų bepiločių orlaivių parkas suteikia tokį pranašumą ukrainiečiams.
Bepiločiai orlaiviai pradėjo daryti įtaką viename sustingusio konflikto kampe, interviu sakė kariai, vadai ir pilotai, nes skirtingos jų medžiagos ir kintantys dažniai gali išvengti priešo trukdymo sistemų. Tai leido jiems toliau ieškoti priešo artilerijos pozicijų ir kelių milijonų dolerių kainuojančių oro gynybos sistemų, tuo pačiu rizikuodami prarasti lėktuvų, kurių vienetas kainuoja vos kelis tūkstančius dolerių.
Pasak jų, vienoje iš dviejų pagrindinių Ukrainos puolimo linijų pietuose Rusijos armija buvo priversta perkelti savo haubicas iš Ukrainos pabūklų nuotolio, nes bepiločių orlaivių pilotai pakankamai gerai prisitaikė, kad reguliariai išvengtų Rusijos elektroninių trukdžių sistemų ir patikimai juos pastebėjo anksčiau konflikto metu.
Mūšiai baigėsi mažais žingsneliais, o Ukrainos įžaidimas buvo didelis, nes prezidentas Volodymyras Zelenskis vizito į JAV siekė išsklaidyti aklavietės jausmą ir paremti diplomatinę bei karinę paramą ilgesnei kovai. Turint pakankamai modernių ginklų, atoslūgis mūšio lauke pasisuks greičiau, tvirtino ponas Zelenskis.
Per kelis mėnesius nuo Ukrainos kontrpuolimo pradžios birželio mėn., Ukrainos pastangos įveikti Rusijos pajėgas pietuose buvo alinantis kruvinas pėstininkų mūšis, kurio pažanga kartais matuojama jardais. Daugeliu atžvilgių Rusija turi pranašumą ugnies galioje, dar ir kovodama iš gerai paruoštos gynybos pozicijų.
Tačiau nuo vasaros daugybė bepiločių orlaivių dizaino ir radijo dažnių patobulinimų leido Ukrainos pilotams, kurie iš pradžių prarado dešimtis bepiločių orlaivių per pirmąsias kontrpuolimo savaites pietuose, siųsti savo dronus toli už fronto linijos. - dreifuojant aukštai virš ūkių laukų ir kaimų, ieškant Rusijos artilerijos dalių, tankų ir kitų taikinių, net kai tie patys taikiniai medžioja ukrainiečius.
„O, pro šalį praskriejo raketa“, – ramiai pasakė vienas bepiločio orlaivio pilotas, kai tik už jardų nuo drono, kurį jis pilotavo skrydžio metu, praėjusią savaitę pasirodė baltų dūmų stulpas. – "Tai reiškia, kad skridome virš kažko įdomaus."
Pilotas, saugumo sumetimais paprašęs, kad jį atpažintų tik pagal savo slapyvardį Hacker, ir kiti jo padalinio nariai vėliau peržiūrės drono vaizdo įrašą ir ieškos užuominų, ką saugo oro gynyba – galbūt, Rusijos artilerijos poziciją, ar garnizoną.
Šiuo metu vienoje fronto linijos atkarpoje skraido tiek daug mažų bepiločių orlaivių, kad Ukrainos kariškiai skrydžius koordinuoja su dispečeriu, panašiu į oro eismo kontrolę.
„Jei rusai priartės, mes juos pamatysime“, – sakė dronų žvalgybos padalinio vadas leitenantas Ašotas Arutiunianas.
Po 19 mėnesių trukusių kovų konfliktas peraugo į daugiausia statiškus, bet kruvinus mūšius pirmyn ir atgal. Pastaruoju metu Ukrainos kariuomenė kovojo, siekdama pagilinti ir išplėsti du iškilimus, įstumtus į Rusijos gynybą šalies pietuose, ir veržtis į rytinį Bakhmuto miesto pakraštį.
M. Zelenskis viešai svarstė kontrpuolimo trūkumus, sakydamas, kad jo šalis per ilgai laukė vakarietiškų šarvuočių, o tai leido Rusijos pajėgoms įsitvirtinti ir nutiesti minų laukus. Tačiau kaip Ukraina pakeitė sausumos kovų taktiką, siųsdama mažus pėstininkų dalinius išvalyti apkasus prieš šarvuočius, bepiločių orlaivių daliniai taip pat prisitaikė.
Bepiločius orlaivius, pagamintus iš putplasčio ar plastiko, radaruose rasti sunkiau, nurodė žvalgybos komandos. Ukraina juos perka iš komercinių tiekėjų, kurie taip pat parduoda juos oro fotografams ar mėgėjams visame pasaulyje, kartu su tokiomis dalimis kaip radijo aparatai, fotoaparatai, antenos ir varikliai. Bepiločių orlaivių kariniai vienetai maišo ir derina dalis, kol randa kombinacijas, kurios gali skristi pro sudėtingą Rusijos oro gynybą.
Operatoriai taip pat persijungia tarp dažnių skrydžio viduryje arba skrenda arti žemės, kad išvengtų Rusijos dalinių, bandančių juos sekti. Skirtingai nuo kai kurių karinių bepiločių orlaivių, Ukrainos paprastesnės versijos skraido be GPS navigacijos – tai ir privalumas, ir trūkumas; be jo pilotai ir jų navigatoriai, norėdami rasti kelią, turi pasikliauti orientyrais ant žemės, pavyzdžiui, pastatais, keliais ar sankryžomis.
Ukrainos komandos teigė, kad mieliau renkasi skraidyti į kelias misijas su pigiais bepiločiais orlaiviais, nes žinojo, kad šiek tiek praras, o ne išleisti daugiau už nedidelius privalumus tam tikro tipo dronams. „Naudojame pigesnius sparnus“, – sakė leitenantas Arutiunianas.
„Konflikto doktrina keičiasi“, – sakė Pvt. Nacionalinio policijos padalinio vadas Jevhenas Popovas, kovojantis viename iš iškilimų. „Šimtus dolerių kainuojantys dronai naikina mašinas, kainuojančias milijonus dolerių“, – pridūrė jis.
Hakeris ir jo navigatorius, kuris naudojasi Gremlino slapyvardžiu, savo dronu skraidino, sėdėdami ant lapės duobės krašto po medžių lapų tankumi.
Gremlinas nurodė kelio taškus, aukštį virš jūros lygio ir kryptis. Hakeris skraidino, apsikabinęs kraštovaizdį, žemiau Rusijos trukdymo signalų ir virš plačių, tankių minų laukų, kurie blokavo Ukrainos pėstininkų ir šarvuočių veržimąsi, kasdien sunkiai sužeisdami karius.
Nors jie medžioja rusus, juos persekioja pačios priešo dronų komandos. Vienu metu virš ukrainiečių lapų prasiskverbė nežinomo drono ūžesys. Vadai įsakė visiems nejudėti. Rusijos dronai reguliariai skraido virš bepiločių orlaivių žvalgybos padalinių pozicijų, kelis šimtus jardų aukštyn, o pilotai yra prioritetinis taikinys.
Operatorius nukauna Rusijos daliniai, kurie trianguliuoja bepiločiams orlaiviams valdyti naudojamų antenų radijo signalus, o paskui iškviečia artileriją, oro bombardavimus arba vadinamuosius kamikadzės dronus, kurie sprogsta, sakė leitenantas Arutiunianas.
Tos dienos skrydžio metu, kai Ukrainos bepiločių orlaivių žvalgybos komanda veikė už mylios ar dviejų kilometrų, rusų aviacinė bomba su švilpimu ir griausmingu smūgiu smogė į taikinį, kurį beveik neabejotinai aptiko Rusijos dronas.
Rusijos kariuomenė taip pat skraido pritaikytais plataus vartojimo bepiločiais orlaiviais, tačiau ji labiau pasikliauja specialiai sukurtais kariniais bepiločiais orlaiviais, tokiais, kaip Orlan 10 – fiksuoto sparno aparatas, skirtas žvalgybai, ir brangiomis elektroninėmis sistemomis bei priešraketinės gynybos priemonėmis.
Per vasarą leitenanto Arutiuniano pilotai prarado keliolika bepiločių orlaivių, kurie buvo apakinti dėl trukdžių arba numušti. Improvizuodami skrydžio metu, jie su kiekvienu praradimu keitė savo įrangą, skrydžio trajektorijas ir dažnius.
Praėjusią savaitę toks požiūris pasiteisino.
Dieną anksčiau Hackeris savo plastiko putplasčio lėktuvą ir jo „GoPro“ kamerą skrido tiesiai virš dviejų sudėtingiausių Rusijos elektroninių sistemų – „Moscow-1“ ir „Borisoglebsky“. Kiekviena iš jų buvo kelių milijonų dolerių vertės aparatas, galintis nuskaityti radijo signalus ir trikampiuoti jų šaltinį, tačiau abi praleido Hackerio droną ir jo radijo signalą, kol buvo per vėlu.
Reaguodama į tai, Rusijos oro gynybos sistema į droną paleido dvi raketas, tačiau abi nepataikė.
Leitenantas Arutiunianas sakė, kad jam pavyko greitai iškviesti artilerijos ataką, kuri sunaikino abi sistemas.
Jo komandų sukurtas sprendimas – naudojant bepiločius orlaivius su mažai metalinių dalių ir dažnai keičiamus radijo dažnius – veikiausiai veiks kelias savaites, sakė leitenantas Arutiunianas, kol Rusijos pajėgos atliks savo pakeitimus ir suras būdą, kaip trukdyti signalams arba numušti Ukrainos dronus.
"Tuo tarpu," - jis pasakė - „Mes jau dirbame prie kažko kito.“ [1]
1. Kyiv's Budget Drones Prove Their Value in a Billion-Dollar Conflict: [Foreign Desk]. Kramer, Andrew E; Addario, Lynsey. New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast); New York, N.Y.. 24 Sep 2023: A.10.
"They are made of plastic or plastic foam, weigh only a few pounds and are often launched simply by having a soldier throw them into the air, as if tossing a javelin.
In a slow-moving counteroffensive against Russian forces that has been reliant at times on the smallest advantages, a fleet of cheap, mostly off-the-shelf drones is providing one for the Ukrainians.
The drones have begun to make a difference in one corner of a stagnant conflict, soldiers, commanders and pilots said in interviews, because their different materials and variable frequencies can evade enemy jamming systems. That has allowed them to venture farther in searches for enemy artillery positions and multimillion-dollar air defense systems, all while risking aircraft worth only a few thousand dollars apiece.
Along one of their two main Ukrainian lines of advance in the south, they say, the Russian Army has been forced to move its howitzers out of range of Ukraine's guns, as drone pilots have adapted well enough to regularly evade Russian electronic jamming systems that had been spotting them reliably earlier in the conflict.
The fighting has come down to small steps with high stakes for Ukraine as President Volodymyr Zelensky sought on a visit to the United States to dispel the sense of stalemate and shore up diplomatic and military backing for a longer fight. With sufficient modern weapons, the tide will turn more swiftly on the battlefield, Mr. Zelensky has argued.
In the months since the Ukrainian counteroffensive began in June, Ukraine's push to drive a wedge through Russian forces in the south has been a grueling, bloody infantry fight, with advances sometimes measured in yards. In most aspects, Russia holds an advantage in firepower, while also benefiting from fighting from well-prepared defenses.
But starting in the summer, a flurry of tweaks to drone designs and radio frequencies began to allow Ukrainian pilots, who had initially lost dozens of drones in the opening weeks of a counteroffensive in the south, to send their drones far beyond the front line -- drifting high above farm fields and villages -- in search of Russian artillery pieces, tanks and other targets, even as those same targets hunt the Ukrainians.
"Oh, a missile flew past," one drone pilot said calmly after a plume of white smoke appeared only yards from the drone he was piloting during a flight last week. "It means we flew over something interesting."
The pilot, who asked to be identified only by his nickname, Hacker, for security reasons, and other members of his unit would later review the drone's video for clues to what the air defenses were protecting -- possibly a Russian artillery position, a jamming station or a garrison.
So many small drones are flying now along one section of the front line that Ukraine's military coordinates the flights with a dispatcher, akin to air traffic control.
"If the Russians get close, we will see them," said Lt. Ashot Arutiunian, the commander of the drone reconnaissance unit.
After 19 months of fighting, the conflict has settled into mostly static but bloody back-and-forth battles. Most recently, the Ukrainian military has been fighting to deepen and widen two bulges pushed into Russian defenses in the country's south, and to advance on the outskirts of the eastern city of Bakhmut.
Mr. Zelensky has publicly ruminated on the counteroffensive's flaws, saying his country waited too long for Western armored vehicles, a delay that allowed Russian forces to entrench and lay minefields. Yet just as Ukraine has shifted tactics in the ground fighting by sending small infantry units to clear trenches ahead of armored vehicles, drone units have adapted, too.
Drones made of plastic foam or plastic are harder to find on radar, reconnaissance teams said. Ukraine buys them from commercial suppliers who also sell to aerial photographers or hobbyists around the world, along with parts such as radios, cameras, antennas and motors. The drone units mix and match parts until they find combinations that can fly past sophisticated Russian air defenses.
Operators also switch between frequencies mid-flight or fly close to the ground to evade Russian units trying to track them. Unlike some military drones, Ukraine's simpler versions fly without GPS navigation, which is both an advantage and a disadvantage; without it, pilots and their navigators instead must rely on landmarks on the ground such as buildings, roads or intersections to find their way.
Ukraine's teams said that they preferred flying multiple missions with cheap drones, knowing they would lose some, rather than spending more for small advantages on any particular type of drone. "We use cheaper wings," Lieutenant Arutiunian said.
"The doctrine of conflict is changing," said Pvt. Yevhen Popov, the commander of a national police unit fighting in one of the bulges. "Drones that cost hundreds of dollars are destroying machines costing millions of dollars," he added.
Hacker and his navigator, who uses the nickname Gremlin, flew their drone while sitting on the rim of a foxhole under the cover of a leafy thicket of trees.
Gremlin called out way points, altitudes and headings. Hacker flew hugging the landscape, below Russian jamming signals and above the sweeping, dense minefields that have blocked the advance of Ukraine's infantry and armored vehicles, gravely wounding soldiers each day.
Even as they hunt the Russians, though, they are being pursued by enemy drone teams themselves. At one point, the buzz of an unknown drone filtered down through the leaves above the Ukrainians. Commanders ordered everyone to remain motionless. Russian drones regularly overfly the positions of drone reconnaissance units, a few hundred yards up, and pilots are a priority target.
Operators have been killed by Russian units who triangulate the radio signals of the antennae used to control the drones and then call in artillery, aerial bombardments or so-called kamikaze drones that explode, Lieutenant Arutiunian said.
During that day's flight, while a Ukrainian drone reconnaissance team operated a mile or two away, a Russian aerial bomb streaked in with a whistle and a thunderous boom, striking a target almost certainly discovered by a Russian drone overhead.
The Russian military also flies adapted consumer drones, but it relies more heavily on purpose-built military drones such as the Orlan 10, a fixed-wing craft designed for reconnaissance, and expensive electronic systems and missile defenses.
Through the summer, Lieutenant Arutiunian's pilots lost a dozen drones that were blinded by jamming or shot down. Improvising on the fly, they tweaked their equipment, flight paths and frequencies with each loss.
Last week, the approach paid off.
A day earlier, Hacker had flown his plastic-foam plane and its GoPro camera directly over two of Russia's most sophisticated electronic systems, a Moscow-1 and Borisoglebsky. Each was a multimillion-dollar machine that could scan for radio signals and triangulate their source, but both missed Hacker's drone and its radio signal until it was too late.
In response, the Russian air defense system fired two missiles at the drone, but both missed.
Lieutenant Arutiunian said he was able to quickly call in an artillery attack that destroyed both systems.
The solution his teams have created -- using drones with few metal parts and frequently shifting radio frequencies -- will most likely work for a few weeks, Lieutenant Arutiunian said, before Russian forces make their own adjustments and find a way to jam the signals or shoot down the Ukrainian drones.
Meanwhile, he said, "we are already working on something else."" [1]
1. Kyiv's Budget Drones Prove Their Value in a Billion-Dollar Conflict: [Foreign Desk]. Kramer, Andrew E; Addario, Lynsey. New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast); New York, N.Y.. 24 Sep 2023: A.10.